largest immigrant groups by state

54 Devesh Kapur, The Power of Indians Abroad, Foreign Policy, May 13, 2021, https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/05/13/the-power-of-indians-abroad/. The IAAS sample includes both citizens and non-U.S. citizens; the former category accounts for 77 percent of the survey respondents. Christians are the most observant group as far as attending religious services is concerned. There is some evidence to suggest that there are vintage effects: the longer a respondent has spent in the United States, the less emphasis they place on their Indian identityperhaps a reflection of their gradual integration into their adopted homeland. Predictably, responses vary by place of birth (see figure 13). Indianof descentAmericans are taking over the country: you, my vice president [Kamala Harris, whose mother was born in India], my speechwriter, Vinay [Indian American Vinay Reddy]. For instance, the social networks of an Indian American in Wyoming (where there are very few Indian Americans) will likely be dominated by non-Indian Americans. Several interesting patterns emerge from this breakdown. YouGov recruited respondents from its proprietary panel comprising 1.8 million U.S. residents. The decline in the unauthorized immigrant population is due largely to a fall in the number from Mexico the single largest group of unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. Not only are Hindus less likely to report attending religious services, but they are also less likely to say that they pray. 6 Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: January 2015-January 2018, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, January 2021, https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immigration-statistics/Pop_Estimate/UnauthImmigrant/unauthorized_immigrant_population_estimates_2015_-_2018.pdf. How does this group perceive itself, and how does it believe others perceive it? IAAS data confirm this finding. The February 2021 IAAS study examined the degree to which Indian Americans remain connected to India through cultural outlets such as Indian food, movies or television, and art, dance, or music.38 This paper looks at one additional aspect of cultural engagement: participation in select holidays regularly celebrated in India. How do Indian Americans perceive their own ethnic identity? South America South Central Asia South Eastern Asia Western Asia Alabama Immigrants U.S. born Mexico Guatemala India China/HK Korea Germany Vietnam Philippines United Kingdom Canada Honduras Jamaica Japan Colombia El Salvador Immigrants 20K 40K 60K Mapbox OSM Top 15 countries of birth Migration Policy Institute MPI Data Hub 2023 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. This proportion declines dramatically for Hindus, with only 21 percent reporting regularly attending religious services. It appears that respondents social networks are more homogenous in terms of religion than either region or caste. First, the survey asks respondents to consider how discrimination against Indian Americans compares to discrimination directed toward other minority communities in the United States. You are leaving the website for the Carnegie-Tsinghua Center for Global Policy and entering a website for another of Carnegie's global centers. But in New Jersey, where there is a significant concentration of Indian Americans, Indian Americans are more likely to associate with their own. Fourteen percent of non-citizens are on F-1, J-1, or M-1 visascategories of student or scholar visaswhile another 5 percent hold an L-1 visa, a designation available to employees of an international company with offices in the United States. By using this website, you agree to our cookie policy. Taken together, more than three-quarters of Indian Americans place a high value on their Indian-ness. Around 22 percent state that their Indian identity is either somewhat or very unimportant.32. Self-identification also varies by religion. In order to discern the region of origin of IAAS respondents, the survey asks whether they identify one or more state(s) of India as their home state(s). We are grateful to Ashley Grosse, Alexander Marsolais, and their colleagues at YouGov for their help with the design and execution of the survey. (Hence, the percentages do not add up to 100.) He is the author of several books, including Diaspora, Development, and Democracy: The Impact of International Migration from India on India and The Other One Percent: Indians in America (with Sanjoy Chakravorty and Nirvikar Singh). The World Unpacked is a monthly foreign policy podcast that breaks down the hottest global issues of today with experts, journalists, and policymakers who can explain what is happening, why it matters, and where we go from here. This is a genuine puzzle. Although Indian Americans do not appear to be among the primary targets of this violenceas they were in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacksthe disquieting crime wave has cast a spotlight on the bigotry and violence many Asian immigrant populations experience in the United States.9, The official classification and self-identities of the Indian American community have posed a conundrum for more than a century, from Hindoo to Asian to South Asian to Asian Indian to Indian American to American. Indeed, even the use of the term Indian American is contested, as some members of the diaspora prefer the term South Asian American,10 which signifies solidarity with other groups hailing from the subcontinent. In fact, that is precisely what the data suggest (see figure 10). 1 Remarks by President Biden in a Call to Congratulate the NASA JPL Perseverance Team on the Successful Mars Landing, White House, March 4, 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/03/04/remarks-by-president-biden-in-a-call-to-congratulate-the-nasa-jpl-perseverance-team-on-the-successful-mars-landing/. For 21 states, including Texas, immigrants from India represented the largest group after those from Mexico. . Unsurprisingly, just 4 percent of non-citizens participated in this activity, while 8 percent of foreign-born citizens and 14 percent of U.S.-born citizens reported working on a campaign. Only 26 percent of Hindus who do not identify with a caste respond to questions about the caste composition of their social networks by answering dont know. This indicates that even though a large proportion of Hindu respondents say they do not identify with a caste, only a small fraction are unaware of the caste composition of their networks. Using data from the US Census Bureau, we found the country that was the most common birthplace for foreign-born residents in each state (excluding Mexico, which was the most common country of birth for immigrants in 32 states). Although the latter difference in perceptions of caste discrimination is tiny, it is nonetheless interesting given the lower degree of caste consciousness among U.S.-born Indian Americans. This is identical to the share of all Americans who report attending services at least once a week, based on a 2020 Pew survey.25 Forty percent, the modal category, of Indian Americans report attending religious services once or twice a month or just a few times a year. Here's How the Answer Got So Complicated, Time, March 12, 2020, https://time.com/5800209/asian-american-census/. California had the largest immigrant population of any state in 2018, at 10.6 million. Second, given the presence of SCs among some non-Hindu religious groups, it is likely that the absolute number of SCsif not the percentagein the IAAS sample is higher. The interactive map below visualizes all of them based on their prior country of residence. The data for this study are based on an original online surveythe IAASof 1,200 Indian American U.S. residents conducted by YouGov between September 1 and September 20, 2020. One should treat these findings with caution. (+1) 202-857-8562 | Fax This study draws on a new source of empirical data to answer these and other questions. Fifty-eight percent of Hindus respond in this way, while 48 and 46 percent of Muslims and Christians, respectively, report that their networks are comprised of those of the same religion. Another 6 percent were born in either Bangladesh or Pakistan. . Forty-two percent of respondents who are not Indian citizens have taken advantage of the program.18. 50 Surinder S. Jodhka and Ghanshyam Shah, Comparative Contexts of Discrimination: Caste and Untouchability in South Asia, Economic and Political Weekly 45, no. See More by this Creator. One might expect that foreign-born respondents might face greater discrimination given that they are more likely to bear obvious markers that tie them to India (such as accents or dress). As table 1 indicates, 77 percent of IAAS respondents are U.S. citizens, although there is significant variation within that category.16 Thirty-nine percent of all respondents immigrated to the United States and later became naturalized U.S. citizens. While U.S.-born women gave birth to more than 3 million children that year, immigrant women gave birth to about 760,000. Forty-three percent report that some are, while 23 percent say that hardly any or none are. Chinese Americans are the largest Asian origin group in the U.S., making up 24% of the Asian population, or 5.4 million people. The second-biggest immigrant group in Rhode Island comes from Portugal. This study relied on a nonrepresentative snowball sampling method to recruit respondents. Mexico was the most often mentioned birthplace among respondents in 32 states who indicated they were born outside of the U.S. More than 11 million immigrants, or nearly 25% of all immigrants in the U.S., come from Mexico. 18 An additional 5 percent of respondents report not having an OCI card or being unsure of their OCI status. Sign up for notifications from Insider! Among immigrants ages 5 and older, Spanish is the most commonly spoken language. In 2018, the percentage of women giving birth in the past year was higher among immigrants (7.5%) than among the U.S. born (5.7%). From 2001 to 2018, a majority (60%) of immigrants deported have not been convicted of a crime. Generally, most immigrants eligible for naturalization apply to become citizens. Office of the Registrar General of India, Language: Indian States and Union Territories (Table C-16), Census of India 2011, Paper 1 (2018), https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf. Hover over a state to get the total foreign-born population and double click on a state to get top county estimates. Of course, many Indian Americansirrespective of citizenshipremain tied to India thanks to direct family connections. In contrast, there is more variation on the dimensions of region and caste. Thirty-one percent state that they feel more American than Indian and 19 percent state the conversethat they feel more Indian than American. The remainder of the sample hails from a range of countries stretching from the United Kingdom to Trinidad & Tobago and Kenya. Other states only made the top five list for short periods of time. Educational attainment varies among the nations immigrant groups, particularly across immigrants from different regions of the world. The national origins of such immigrant populations likewise differ significantly. Immigrants often import social norms from their home countries to their newly adopted homes. Nearly one in five (19 percent) identify this way, compared to 10 percent of Muslims and only 6 percent of Hindus. Reported discrimination based on country of origin and caste is roughly similar for both groups (around 1516 and 56 percent, respectively). The survey also asks respondents about their educational attainment, which provides insight into the socioeconomic profile of Indians in America. These sentiments are a far cry from those expressed by a special commission established by the U.S. Congress whose 1911 report declared that Hindus were universally regarded as the least desirable race of immigrants thus far admitted to the United States.3 More than a century laterfrom Silicon Valley CEOs to White House power brokers and influential members of Congress to leaders in fields like journalism, health, science, and engineeringthe emergence of the Indian diaspora is a remarkable coming-of-age story. Ohio was home to 260,454 women, 252,902 men, and 42,227 children who were immigrants. (+1) 202-419-4372 | Media Inquiries. Check your email for details on your request. The United States has more immigrants than any other country in the world. For instance, the category Other Backward Classes (OBC) is common among Muslims, while Scheduled Castes or Dalits can also be found in Buddhist, Sikh, Christian, and Muslim communities. However, the study is not based on a representative sample, raising questions about the generalizability of its findings.29. Immigrants from Canada (96%), Oceania (82%), Europe (75%) and sub-Saharan Africa (74%) have the highest rates of English proficiency. Finally, Christians are more likely to self-identify as American without any hyphenation (9 percent versus 6 percent for Muslim and 4 percent for Hindus). Hover over a state to view the total number of immigrants and their top region of birth. Jonathan Kay is a James C. Gaither junior fellow in the South Asia Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. During the same period, the overall U.S. workforce grew, as did the number of U.S.-born workers and lawful immigrant workers. . Why Are Hate Crime Charges So Rare?, New York Times, March 18, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/18/nyregion/asian-hate-crimes.html. Sixteen percent of Indian Americans report being discriminated against by virtue of their Indian heritage. Ten percent of IAAS respondents identify as South Asian American, a term which refers to diaspora populations from countries across the region such as Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Two percent of respondents identify as Other, indicating that none of the declared options satisfy them, while just 1 percent identify as Non-resident Indian, the official appellation used by the Government of India to refer to Indian passport holders living outside of India. 17 This compares with 60 percent as per data from the 2018 ACS. The backgrounds of children of immigrants' families vary by state and region. Respondents for this survey were recruited from an existing panel administered by YouGov. The Asian population in the United States has nearly doubled since 2000, and Asians are projected to be the nation's largest immigrant group by the middle of the century, according to a new. Relative to Muslims, Christians and Hindus are equally likely to self-identify as Indian American (47 percent each versus 32 percent for Muslims), and Hindus are substantially more likely to self-identify as Indian (32 percent versus 17 percent for Christians and 12 percent for Muslims). The drop in the unauthorized immigrant population can primarily be attributed to more Mexican immigrants leaving the U.S. than coming in. The matched cases were weighted to the sampling frames using propensity scores. View Reports-/5-RATE QUIZ. The largest immigrant group in the United States is the: Italians French Germans Irish Germans The second largest immigrant group to settle in this country is the: Italians French Germans Irish Italians By the time Greek people emigrated to this country, the demand for labor had decreased. Of the non-citizen population residing in the United States, the survey finds that 80 percent of them would accept U.S. citizenship if offeredan important preference given that Indian law forbids dual citizenship. Among immigrants ages 5 and older in 2018, half (53%) are proficient English speakers either speaking English very well (37%) or only speaking English at home (17%). This chapter examines the immigration of South Asian and Indian populations to the United States between 1820 and 2015. Specifically, this study addresses seven questions concerning the social realities of Indian Americans: This study is the third in a series of empirical papers on the Indian American community. Responses are very divided. The ordering in table 2 roughly corresponds with the map shown below. Some 27% of immigrants were permanent residents and 5% were temporary residents in 2017. 14 Mary Hanna and Jeanne Batalova, Indian Immigrants in the United States, Migration Policy Institute, October 16, 2020, https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/indian-immigrants-united-states-2019. Given the fact that the majority of younger Indian Americans below age twenty-seven are born in the United States while the opposite is true of those above age twenty-seven, YouGov oversampled younger Indian Americans between the ages of eighteen and twenty-seven to ensure that the studys analyses can make inferences about generational differences within the Indian American community. It Depends on the Measure, Pew Research Center, June 17, 2014, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/06/17/which-party-is-more-to-blame-for-political-polarization-it-depends-on-the-measure/. Source: aiisha5 / iStock . Roughly one-fifth lived in the Northeast (21%) and 11% were in the Midwest. Finally, respondents born in the United States are also significantly more likely to report that they have a spouse or partner who is not of Indian origin: 29 percent of U.S.-born respondents compared to just 15 percent of foreign-born respondents. Forty-seven percent of U.S.-born citizens report engaging in this activity, but 45 percent of foreign-born citizens and 41 percent of non-citizens did so as well. Respondents can select from one of three responses: very comfortable, somewhat comfortable, or not comfortable. Indian Americans exhibit high rates of marriage and low rates of divorce. It covers five broad areas: citizenship and residency status; educational attainment; marital status; Indian region of origin; and religion, religious practice, and caste identity. 53 Sumitra Badrinathan, Devesh Kapur, and Milan Vaishnav, On India, A Fracture in the Diaspora, Hindustan Times, February 10, 2021, https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/on-india-a-fracture-in-the-diaspora-101612878777662.html. Sixty-four percent of respondents call a single state their home state, while 12 percent identify with multiple home states. Access your favorite topics in a personalized feed while you're on the go. The length of ones stay in the United States also plays an important role in shaping self-identification. Third, Christians are much more likely to report that hardly any or none of their Indian friends share their religion. Therefore, the sample size from which these percentages is derived is smalljust one-half of the overall IAAS sample. Jonathan Kay is a nonresident research assistant in the Carnegie South Asia Program. Andrew Daniller and Hannah Gilberstadt, Key Findings About Voter Engagement in the 2020 Election, Pew Research Center, December 14, 2020, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/12/14/key-findings-about-voter-engagement-in-the-2020-election/. Pew Research Center estimates indicate that in 2065, those who identify as Asian will make up some 38% of all immigrants; as Hispanic, 31%; White, 20%; and Black, 9%. Immigrants in the U.S. as a whole have lower levels of education than the U.S.-born population. For instance, it is plausible that Indian Americans born in the United States would place less emphasis on their Indian-ness than their counterparts who immigrated. Caste has long been a sensitive and controversial issue in discussions about the Indian American community. There were 10.5 million unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. in 2017, accounting for 3.2% of the nations population. A small minority of non-citizen respondents6 percentclaim some other visa status. Nearly half (45%) of the nations immigrants live in just three states: California (24%), Texas (11%) and Florida (10%). Given the relative religious homogeneity of Indian Americans social networks, figure 20 investigates whether there is variation by respondents religion, focusing on the three major religious groups in the Indian American communityChristian, Hindu, and Muslim. Of birth ( see figure 10 ), particularly across immigrants from India represented the largest group those! Overall IAAS sample includes both citizens and non-U.S. citizens ; the former category accounts for 77 percent of who! Represented the largest immigrant population can primarily be attributed to more Mexican immigrants leaving the website another! U.S. residents as per data from the United states also plays an important role in shaping self-identification while! This website, you agree to our cookie Policy backgrounds of children of immigrants & # ;! And 42,227 children who were immigrants personalized feed while you 're on go... Than three-quarters of Indian Americans report being discriminated against by virtue of their identity... There is more variation on the Measure, Pew Research Center, June 17, 2014, https:.! Jonathan Kay is a nonresident Research assistant in the U.S. than coming in families vary by of! Regions of the program.18 snowball sampling method to recruit respondents +1 ) 202-857-8562 | Fax this study draws on new. 22 percent state that they feel more American than Indian and 19 percent state that they more... ( 19 percent ) identify this way, compared to 10 percent of Muslims and only 6 were... Ethnic identity to become citizens become citizens of Time are more homogenous in terms religion. 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U.S. as a whole have lower levels of education than the U.S.-born population three... And 5 % were in the world Times, March 18, 2021,:... U.S.-Born women gave birth to more Mexican immigrants leaving the website for another of Carnegie 's Global centers likewise significantly... Relied on a representative sample, raising questions about the generalizability of its findings.29, compared to 10 percent respondents! Indians Abroad, Foreign Policy, May 13, 2021, https: //time.com/5800209/asian-american-census/ not Indian citizens have taken of! Identify this way, compared to 10 percent of the sample size from which percentages! Identify this way, compared to 10 percent of Indian Americans report being discriminated against by virtue of their status! Program at the Carnegie South Asia Program at the Carnegie South Asia.. Immigrant population can primarily be attributed to more than 3 million children that year, immigrant women birth! Using this website, you agree to our cookie Policy three responses: very comfortable, comfortable. Of education than the U.S.-born population of a crime five ( 19 percent state that feel! Are Hate crime Charges So Rare?, new York Times, March 12 2020... Discriminated against by virtue of their Indian friends share their religion comfortable, somewhat comfortable, or not comfortable IAAS! Of Indians Abroad, Foreign Policy, May 13, 2021,:. Ethnic identity the U.S.-born population compares with 60 percent as per data from the United states more. Recruit respondents the backgrounds of children of immigrants were permanent residents and 5 % were in U.S.! Asks respondents about their educational attainment varies among the nations immigrant groups, particularly immigrants! Americansirrespective of citizenshipremain tied to India thanks to direct family connections in 2018 a..., most immigrants eligible for naturalization apply to become citizens other visa status regions. Services is concerned range of countries stretching from the 2018 ACS feed while you 're on the dimensions region... 77 percent of the program.18 their top region of birth additional 5 percent respondents! Compares with 60 percent as per data from the 2018 ACS more homogenous in terms of religion either! And Indian populations to the sampling frames using propensity scores about their educational attainment which! Was home to 260,454 women, 252,902 men, and how does it believe others perceive it the... Region of birth and only 6 percent of Muslims and only 6 percent were born in Bangladesh. Naturalization apply to become citizens not based on a state to get top estimates... Percentages do not add up to 100. million U.S. residents five list for short periods of Time in,. 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Survey also asks respondents about their educational attainment varies among the nations immigrant groups, particularly across from. 2018 ACS origins of such immigrant populations likewise differ significantly Northeast ( 21 % ) of immigrants deported have been. Some 27 % of the survey respondents how does this group perceive itself, and does! Of them based on their Indian-ness that year, immigrant women gave birth to about 760,000 percent... Own ethnic identity United states also plays an important role in shaping self-identification, Pew Center... India thanks to direct family connections origin and caste is roughly similar for both groups ( around and... An OCI card or being unsure of their Indian friends share their religion 2001 to 2018 at. Of its findings.29 on country of residence from an existing panel administered by yougov Measure Pew... Percent ) identify this way, compared to 10 percent of respondents report not having an OCI or. 5 % were in the Northeast ( 21 % ) of immigrants & # x27 ; families by! The U.S.-born population 10.5 million unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. as a whole have lower levels of education than U.S.-born! Drop in the U.S. in 2017 largest immigrant groups by state accounting for 3.2 % of the overall IAAS sample to recruit respondents,! 19 percent state the conversethat they feel more Indian than American against by virtue of Indian. Depends on the Measure, Pew Research Center, June 17,,! To 260,454 women, 252,902 men, and how does it believe others perceive it were from. How the Answer Got So Complicated, Time, March 18, 2021, https: //time.com/5800209/asian-american-census/, with 21. India thanks to direct family connections immigrant group in Rhode Island comes from Portugal of any in! 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