Although those people [North Americans], so lacking in many respects, are unique in the history of mankind, it is a marvel, I repeat, that so weak and complicated a government as the federal system has managed to govern them in the difficult and trying circumstances of their past. . Chile: Repression and Democracy, A Voyage from the United States to South America, Thomas Bennett (1821), Document #28: Final Speech, Salvador Allende (1973), Document #29: Military Decrees on Seizing Power, Augusto Pinochet (1973), Document #30: Inaugural Address, Michelle Bachelet (2006), A Romanticism of Slavery and the Plantation Economy, Casa Grande e Senzala and the Formation of a New Brazilian Identity, Amnesty, Amnesia, and Moral Reparations in Brazil, Exploracin oficial por la primera vez desde el norte de la America del SurViaje a Rio de Janeiro, Francisco Michelena y Rojas (1867), Document #31: On Slavery in Brazil, Thomas Ewbank (1856), Document #32: State Department Telegram to Ambassador Lincoln Gordon (1964), Document #33: Letter to Pope Paul VI, Marcos Sattamini Pena de Arruda (1971), Document #34: Speech of the President of the Republic in the ceremony installing the Truth Commission, Dilma Rousseff (2012), Chapter 12. But, as for Man, I declare that I have never met him in my life. Scanned by: J. S. Arkenberg, Dept. Who can resist the lure of a beneficent government which employs an able, active and powerful hand to direct all its efforts at all times towards social perfection, which ought to be the end of all human institutions? (Bolivar 1819). All should not be left to chance and the outcome of elections. By this I mean that the result will be the death of the government, whose heirs are anarchy, usurpation, and tyranny . Government posts were bought and sold, thus being filled by grossly incompetent administrators. Chodor, T. 2014. Carta a Francisco de Paula Santander. The Congress of Angostura was convened by Simn Bolvar and took place in Angostura during the wars of Independence of Colombia and Venezuela, culminating in the proclamation of the Republic of Colombia . Needless to say, Bolivar hoped to become precisely a perpetual figurehead in the politics of the region and went to describe the role as follows: The President of the Republic comes to be in our Constitution, as the Sun that, firm in the center, gives life to the Universe. But then, mysteriously, Bolivar argues that those very advantages are a good reason why a republican president should be endowed with greater power than a constitutional prince (Bolivar 1819). El caudillismo en Amrica Latina, ayer y hoy. In: Lively, J (ed. On the contrary, aristocracy and monarchy have long established great and powerful empires. Bolivar makes a sophistic gap that leaves careful readers perplexed. Despite not controlling Venezuela, Bolivar called for a Second Congress of Venezuela (the first one had been called in 1811 in Caracas, to declare independence), to assemble in Angostura. Castro, P. 2007. University of Chicago Press. During Simon Bolivar's address at the Congress of Angostura, in 1819, he argued for the freedom of the people of Latin America. But, as it turned out, this was just to pay lip service as Bolivar assumed dictatorial powers again and again throughout his ensuing political career. However, a very strong point of contention in the Cadiz Cortes, was the demographic balance in the representation of deputies. To fully grasp the most brilliant thought of the time, some basic context is required. Washington. Once again, he was inspired by his upbringing of admiration for Classical Antiquity: I have dared to suggest a moral power, drawn from the remote ages of antiquity and those obsolete laws, which for some time maintained public virtue amongst the Greeks and Romans (Bolivar 1819). After some military action in New Grenada (modern-day Colombia), Bolivar returned to Venezuela in 1812 and after a remarkable series of military triumphs he managed to recapture the capital Caracas (Lopez and Lopez 1999). A depiction of the Congress of Ccuta (1821). How, exactly, does the potential for abuse in a monarchy justify the expansion of executive power in a republic? Once again, Bolivar had to flee. Andrade, G. and Lugo-Ocando, J., 2018. In order to achieve this political goal, Bolivar proposes conventional republican institutions: Venezuelas government has always been republican, it is republican, and it should always remain so. Stoan, SK. He ardently defended freedoms, yet he believed that South American nations were not fully prepared for liberal systems. Despite this, it was still an important event as Bolivar would communicate the basis of his political doctrine. There are some accounts that suggest instead that Bolivar may have been genuinely concerned with perpetual dictators at first (Harwich 2001). El proceso ideolgico de la emancipacin en Colombia. The British executive power possesses all the authority properly appertaining to a sovereign, but a triple line of dams, barriers, and stockades surrounds him. Happy the citizen that under the shield of arms under his command, has convoked National Sovereignty to exercise its absolute will! Poltica y cultura, 27: 929. Bolivar was certainly the foremost figure that synthetized formal political thought, constitutional doctrine, and revolutionary action. This was by far the most important motive in the struggle for independence amongst the criollo elite, and throughout his writings, Bolivar makes very clear how important this issue is for him. Nevertheless, his main concern was not so much with absolutism itself, but rather, with the exclusion of criollos in the administration of the Spanish Empire. Retrieved from: https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Carta_de_Bol%C3%ADvar_al_general_Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Flores_(1830). In a sense, Bolivars approach is anti-colonial (let us remember that many aspects of colonialism itself were modeled on the universalism of the Enlightenment), inasmuch as he advises colonized peoples not to necessarily copy Eurocentric models. They also seemed to understand that a moral power could very easily be turned into a censoring body that hastily suppresses individual freedoms. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Press. Bolivar, typical of his rhetorical style, concluded the Angostura Address with these words: Gentlemen! Throughout many of his private writings, Bolivar expressed enormous concerns about pardocracia, the takeover by pardos. . Simon Bolivar was one of the liberators in the time of the revolution in the northern part of South America. It must be based on the sovereignty of the people, the division of powers, civil liberty, the prohibition of slavery and the abolition of monarchy and privileges (Bolivar 1819). Bolivar spoke, expressing his ideas regarding freedom. The Andes: Soldiers, Oligarchs, and Indians, Memories of Violence, Peace, and Justice in Peru, Across Patagonia, Lady Florence Dixie (1881), Document #18: Pulacyo Theses, The Union Federation of Bolivian Mineworkers (1946), Document #19: Law of the Rights of Mother Earth, Plurinational Legislative Assembly of Bolivia (2010), Chapter 7. Document #41: "Address at a White House Reception for Members of Congress and for the Diplomatic Corps of the Latin American Republics," John F. Kennedy (1961) Discussion Questions; Further Reading; Chapter 16. By then, Bolivars movement was seen as one that intended to establish a Republic for the white criollos, which explains partly why Boves savagely occupied Valencia and executed so many of the white elite (Stoan 1974). But, admittedly, it had turned out to be very corrupt. What I propose is an office for which the candidates must prepare themselves, an office that demands great knowledge and the ability to acquire such knowledge. As with any leader who faces the dichotomy between utopias and realities, Bolivar had some profound ideological transformations throughout his political and military career. The Viceroyalty of New Granadawhich included present-day Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, and parts of Ecuadorachieved independence from the Spanish Empire in a slow and uneven process. The Bourbon reforms sought to change that, and they succeeded in doing so. The Enlightenment proclaimed the equality of all human beings, on account that we all share a common nature that makes human rights universal. Latin America in the World Arena, 1800s-1980s, Moments and Events in U.S.-Latin American Relations (1800s-1980s), A History of United States Policy Towards Haiti, Document #46: Human Rights in Latin America: An Interview with Paulo Srgio Pinherio, Luis Muoz Martin: Founding Father of Modern Puerto Rico, Document #37: Monroe Doctrine, James Monroe (1823), Document #38 Abraham Lincoln on the Mexican-American War (1846-48), Document #39: Roosevelt Corollary, Theodore Roosevelt (1904), Document #40: Brazil, the United States and Pan Americanism, Document #35: United Fruit Co., Pablo Neruda (1950), Document #41: Address at a White House Reception for Members of Congress and for the Diplomatic Corps of the Latin American Republics, John F. Kennedy (1961), Chapter 16. 1974. Simn Bolvar, el culto heroico y la nacin. Hispanic American Historical Review, 107145. Simn Bolvar, "An Address of Bolvar at the Congress of Angostura (February 15, 1819)" Background As a young man, Simn Bolvar (1783-1830), who would become known as "El Libertador" ("The Liberator") in Latin America, spent a few years in Europe. This argument is hard to follow. An address of Bolivar at the Congress of Angostura (February 15, 1819) Reprint ordered by the government of the United States of Venezuela, to commemorate the centennial of the opening of the Congress by Bolvar, Simn, 1783-1830 June 13, 1821. ), EZLN Command (1993), Chapter 4. Be as it may, however, the Constitution of Bolivia of 1826 proved to be his outdoing. If the Senate were hereditary rather than elective, it would, in my opinion, be the basis, the tie, the very soul of our republic. However, as we will argue in this paper, it is precisely due to the nationalist distortions that are likely to occur around the nature and context of the Angostura delivery that calls for a more critical reading of the document. Yet, it is very revealing that, in this and other passages, he has a predilection for Rousseau. Iberoamericana Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, 47(1), 7482. El culto a Bolivar: Esbozo para un estudio de la historia de las ideas en Venezuela. Again, contemporary anti-colonialists may find much of value in Bolivars words. In China they do not send for their mandarins, military, and literati to the country of Genghis Khan, who conquered them, even though the present race of Chinese are direct descendants of the tribes subjugated by the ancestors of the present Tartars. But the key difference is this: the governors of Isfahan are Persians, the viziers of the Great Lord in Turkey are Turks, and the sultans of Tartary are Tartars. At least theoretically, this would ensure that criollos would no longer be second class citizens. Angostura bitters, a flavoring. The governments, however, of those nations, were either aristocratic or monarchical (Bolivar 1819). And it is for this very reason that Bolivar believes that federalism works in North America, but it would never work in South America. When it came to liberty, Rousseau himself had some qualms about how truly liberal a State should be, to the point that he claimed in an oft-quoted phrase from The Social Contract, that subjects should be forced to be free (Roberts 2012: 117). Venezuela: The Perils of Prosperity, Document #23: Address to the United Nations, Hugo Chvez (2006), Document #22: Pact of Punto Fijo, Accin Democrtica, COPEI and Unin Republicana Democrtica (1958), Chapter 9. He also publicly proclaimed the emancipation of slaves in Carupano, in 1816. The United States had just solidified their. The Angostura Address 200 Years Later: A Critical Reading. The authors have no competing interests to declare. Again, his justification for this very aristocratic proposal was not altogether clear, although he tried to offer some rather confusing arguments: A hereditary senate, coming from the people, would share its interests, its opinions and its spirit, and for that reason it is not to be presumed that a hereditary senate would not follow the peoples interests or forget its legislative duties (Bolivar 1819). With us it is quite different. Reporters Without Borders. The ministers, being responsible for any transgressions committed, will actually govern, since they must account for their actions. He first settled in Jamaica, and then in Haiti. The wording is unmistakably reminiscent of Benthams philosophy, and indeed, the English philosopher was a major influence on Bolivars political thinking. the Liberator Simn Bolvar's address to the Congress of Angostura, 200 years after the delivery of this monumental work. What state is more powerful than Great Britain? The rationale was that people with any degree of African descent would not be eligible for full representation. In the Angostura Address, he returns to this theme: The more I admire the excellency of the Federal Constitution of Venezuela, the more am I convinced of the impossibility of applying it to our situation (Bolivar 1819). Across his address, Bolvar Disqus. ), but few embodied both military and intellectual talents. This address is for the Congress of Angostura in which the first issue he places on the table is that the mestizos are not European, nor Indians, but a mixture of both Spaniard and native blood. . Armed Trading Weaponry on trade ships. Despite their genuine admiration for Bolivar, constituents understood that Bolivars argumentation in favor of hereditary principles of political power was very weak (not to say confusing), and that an institution imitating the British House of Lords would be nothing but a setback to old aristocratic times. The address is presented in Spanish with a short editorial introduction in English. The Angostura Address 200 Years Later: A Critical Reading. That Constitution, labeled the Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, written under the auspices of Hugo Chavez and the self-proclaimed Bolivarian Revolution, went to great lengths in attempting to imitate Bolivarian thinking in every aspect of political organization. This would become a perennial feature amongst many Latin American caudillos ever since and something that would dominate most of the regions politics and society for the next century (Castro 2007). There can be multiple answers to this question: These sources both signify a change in attitude with the people of each nation. He was moved towards abolitionism by Haitian President Alexandre Petion, who offered him military support in exchange of the attempt to abolish slavery from liberated territories. DOI: http://doi.org/10.16993/iberoamericana.427, Andrade G, Lugo-Ocando J. Did not the Roman Empire conquer the world? Latin America in the World Arena, 1990s Present, Moments and Events in Contemporary US-Latin American Relations, Document #43: Washington Office on Latin America (WOLA) statement on Honduras, Document #42 President Obamas speech at the 2009 Summit of the Americas, Document #44: The Path Forward for Honduras, Document #45 Honduras: The Obama Administrations First Latin American Waterloo (2009), Document #47 Hillary Clintons speech on Opportunity in the Americas (2010), Modern Latin America, 8th Edition Companion Website, Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies. Simon Bolvar's 1819 address to the Congress of Angostura took place in Venezuela during the long course of the struggle for independence. But, regardless of the effectiveness of this form of government with respect to North America, I must say that it has never for a moment entered my mind to compare the position and character of two states as dissimilar as the English-American and the Spanish-American. Paredes Muante, J. Bolivar, S. 1819. A republican magistrate is an individual set apart from society, charged with checking the impulse of the people toward license and the propensity of judges and administrators toward abuse of the laws. Proyecto de Constitucion para la Republica de Bolivia y discurso del Libertador al Congreso Constituyente de Bolivia. However, it would be a mistake to think that it was only after the independence that he became aware of this. The Angostura Address 200 Years Later: A Critical Reading. Document #2: "Address at the Congress of Angostura," Simn Bolvar (1819) Travels in Colonial Latin America; Discussion Questions; Further Reading; Chapter 3. The Congress ultimately decided not to pursue two of Bolivars most controversial proposals in the Angostura Address: a moral power, and a hereditary senate. In his view, federalism may work in some countries, but not in all. In order to gain Catholic support, he even outlawed the teaching of Benthams philosophy (which he himself had admired for so long), as the English philosophers views were considered too immoral by conservative clergy. Sparta, of course, is the emblem of militarism in Western imagination. Mexico: The Taming of a Revolution. Although there were many reasons for Bolivars disputes with Francisco de Paula Santander (17921840) and other conspirators in Bogota, it was by far the ambition of becoming President for Life that turned out to be the most crucial amongst his opponents. Although some historians still debate this (Damas 1983; Draper 1968) it does not seem to be the case. Colombia: Civility and Violence, Document #20: Press Release from the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, Secretariat of the Central General Command of the FARC-EP (2002), Document #21: Statement by Humberto de la Calle, Head of the Government Delegation to the Conversations Table, Humberto de la Calle (2013), Chapter 8. Europeans still perceived Spain more as an African country, as in Alexandre Dumas (himself of African descent) apocryphal observation: Africa begins at the Pyrenees (Altaschul 2012: 11), and Enlightened Spaniards tried hard to overcome that. Again, Bolivar never answers. The enforcement of public morality has repeatedly been associated with authoritarian regimes. During the Second National Congress of Angostura on February 15, 1819 Bolivar stood and gave an address that would form its own place in history. Angostura, 1819" Main Point Summary/Background: Simn Bolvar's "Message to the Congress of Angostura, 1819" is more than the opening speech of a statesman to a constituent assembly; it is a voice that embodied realities of a new revolutionary society in Latin America. Unlike other far more questionable Venezuelan caudillos of the latter 19th Century (such as Ezequiel Zamora), who freed their slaves only after having been financially compensated, Bolivar genuinely freed his own slaves without any compensation. Again, Bolivar was certainly a big critic of Spanish imperialism, but he did not seem to mind other empires. After Spains humiliating defeat in the Seven Years War, Charles III understood the necessity to cleanse the corrupt and inefficient administration of the Spanish Empire. Strategies for Economic Development, Moments and Events in Latin American Economic Development, Document #35: Testimony before Congress on the Goals of NAFTA and Preliminary Evaluation, C. Fred Bergsten (1997), Document #36: NAFTA Equals Death, Say Peasant Farmers, Diego Cevalos (2002), Chapter 13. Even Benito Mussolini was an admirer of Bolivar (Caballero 2006: 72). Por que no soy bolivariano. This text is part of the Internet Modern History Sourcebook. Bolivar, S. 1821. For, of all Enlightenment thinkers, Rousseau is typically considered to be somewhat of an outsider, even a pioneer of the Counter-Enlightenment. A big point of contention between Enlightenment thinkers and their Counter-Enlightenment foes, was about universalism. Almost immediately, Bolivar had to confront a revolt lead by Juan Domingo de Monteverde y Rivas (17731832) and Jos Toms Boves (17821814), who lured black slaves, mulatos and indigenous people to swore allegiance to the legitimate Spanish King who by then had been re-stated to the Crown. . He failed miserably, the Republic collapsed, and after guaranteeing his own freedom by turning against Francisco de Miranda he managed to flee into exile (Paredes 2015). Simn Bolvar: Liberation and Disappointment. You may begin your work. An address of Bolivar at the Congress of Angostura (February 15, 1819) Reprint ordered by the government of the United States of Venezuela, to commemorate the centennial of the opening of the Congress (tr. Bolivar was given some military assignments in defending the Venezuelan Republic against loyalists of the Spanish monarchy. As it was the educational custom of his times, Bolivar was deeply embedded in the Classics, emulating the spirited rhetoric of Cicero and other great orators of Greece and Rome. Throughout the document, he is concerned about whether or not the emerging nations are truly ready for liberal forms of government. Napoleon, whose reign as Emperor was. Discussion Questions; Further Readings; Honduras: A Country and a Coup Caracas: Alfa. Therefore, let the entire system of government be strengthened, and let the balance of power be drawn up in such a manner that it will be permanent and incapable of decay because of its own tenuity. State Fullerton. Indeed, Bolivars stance on the moral power coheres well with his authoritarian leanings. Angostura (plant), a genus in the family Rutaceae. Bolivar's speaking style reflected the values of his epoch. Predictably, many of these celebrations were carried out without sufficiently critical and objective approach towards historical data. Would it not be most difficult to apply to Spain the English system of political, civil, and religious liberty: Hence, it would be even more difficult to adapt to Venezuela the laws of North America. A strongly rooted force can only correct this weakness. Yet, despite his admiration for the United States, Bolivar insists that South American nations are not ready for federalism or even North American institutions as a whole, on account of a cultural mismatch: Would it not be extremely difficult to apply to Spain the political, civil, and religious code of Great Britain? Neoliberal Hegemony and the Pink Tide in Latin America. Bolivar, a man of the Enlightenment himself, continued this trope, by presenting the Turks, Persians and Chinese, as despotic peoples. Contemporary anti-colonialists place much emphasis on the acknowledgement of cultural diversity, and Bolivar certainly took it into account when deciding what the best political path for a nation is. Starting in 1999, Bolivars image was politically used by Hugo Chavezs leftist revolution, and ever since, leftist governments and guerrillas (especially FARC in Colombia) throughout the region have claimed to be followers of Bolivarian thinking. Roberts, P. 2012. Thus, the Angostura Address is plentiful with passages such as these: Sir! He believes that The most perfect system of government is that which produces the greatest degree of happiness, of social security, and political stability (Bolivar 1819). Addressing the Congress of Angostura, 1819 [Bolvar addresses the Congress of Angostura. Bolvar, Simn. Bolivar, once again, was a man of the Enlightenment, but on this dispute, he seemed to be more on the side of Counter-Enlightenment figures who believed that the same political recipe could not be applied universally to all nations. Let us start by saying that by 1819, Simon Bolivar was a very uncertain man who had lived till then a hectic life. Yet notwithstanding this deformity, the Roman Republic did not suffer from the disastrous discord which might be expected from a leadership consisting of two individuals, both endowed with a monarchs powers (Bolivar 1819). Bolivar was deeply influenced by the Enlightenment thinkers. 1. 2010. Yet, at the same time, Bolivar seems to reproduce some old colonialist tropes, according to which Anglo-Saxon peoples are more virtuous. One of the most significant transformations was his approach to the position of a President for Life. However, later on, in the Constitution that he wrote for Upper Peru (named Bolivia in his honor) in 1826 and that he attempted to impose on Colombia afterwards, he stipulated the figure of President for Life. He prepared weeks in advance the speech delivered on February 15th, 2019, to delegates of the Congress. Admittedly, Bolivar came late to abolitionist ideals. Iberoamericana Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies. from the original Spanish by Francisco Javier Ynes) by Bolvar, Simn, 1783-1830; Ynes, Francisco Javier, 1861-1924; Venezuela . It is extremely hard to follow Bolivars logic here. 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