Kiev had been a very large and thickly populated town, but now it has been reduced almost to nothing, for there are at the present time scarce two hundred houses there and the inhabitants are kept in complete slavery. Under the rule of the country, covering territory from the Urals and Western Siberia to the Black Sea, appeared all Rus-Ukraine. World History Encyclopedia. The lands which we today know as Burma, Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand and Indonesia, with their dense jungles, long rivers, exotic wildlife, insects and diseases were to become Khubilai Khan's last efforts at expanding Mongol lands. After the battle, the Mongol warriors were said to have filled nine sacks with their favourite trophy, the ears of their victims. The death of his empress, confidant, truly better-half, and love of his life, Chabi in 1281 had left him wretched and alone. But the unexpected death of his son and chosen heir, Crown Prince Zhenjin in 1285 at only 43-years-old was an unmitigated disaster for Khubilai personally, and like as not also an unrecoverable loss for the realm at large. The war between them reformer versus traditionalist would rage on and off for the remainder of both of their lives. Genghis Khan gave the Telengit and Tolos along the Irtysh River to an old companion, Qorchi. He was supposedly killed by bandits but the Mongols suspected the Koreans and had it not been for a strain of Mongol military resources elsewhere, invasion would have occurred then and there. [14], During the Mongol attack on the Mamluks in the Middle East, most of the Mamluk military was composed of Kipchaks, and the Golden Horde's supply of Kipchak fighters replenished the Mamluk armies and helped them fight off the Mongols. This called into question not only his competence as the ruler of Great Yuan, but shattered the near-mythical perception of Mongol invincibility across the region. The first question about the Mongol conquests is: Why did the Mongols erupt from Mongolia in the early 13th century to begin their conquests of the rest of the world, creating the largest contiguous land empire in world history? We put some pales inside the river and lured them into the pales during the time that the water in the river is lowest. They attacked Kyiv together with units from the conquered Finno-Ugric peoples of Central Muscovy (now called Russia), including the Moksha. Chapuis, Oscar. While the Barga, Tumed, Buriats, Khori, Keshmiti, and Bashkirs were organized in separate thousands, the Telengit, Tolos, Oirats and Yenisei Kirghiz were numbered into the regular tumens[22] Genghis created a settlement of Chinese craftsmen and farmers at Kem-kemchik after the first phase of the Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Understand that rule breaking comments get removed. "History of Russia in 100 Minutes" is a crash course for beginners. What place did the Mongols try to invade under Kublai Khan and failed? And indeed, the lack of supplies problem is the main reason why Mongols didn't succeed, however the Vietnamese make great use of these advantage : they purposely burn down their belongings, fields,killed/brought cattle and poultry with them to others place and poisoned the water source while the mountainous ethnic tribes guerillas foght against Mongols as much as they could to buy others time. Word of the Mongol hordes' approach spread terror and panic. The Mongols nevertheless retreated. Gunpowder, paper, printing, and the compass all became familiar in Europe. Web. Alauddin sent an army commanded by his brother Ulugh Khan and the general Zafar Khan, and this army comprehensively defeated the Mongols, with the capture of 20,000 prisoners, who were put to death.. Did the Mongols invade Germany? On This Day On this day, 23rd February 1945, Joe Rosenthal of the Associated Press took this iconic photo on what island?. They not only brought ferocious mobility to warfare but they were, thanks to their flexibility, quickly adept at other types of battle, too, like siege warfare and the use of gunpowder missiles and catapults, all very far from traditional nomadic warfare. 265-317 AD. Quite infamously, both times the Japanese defenders were greatly aided by unseasonable storms and typhoons hitting almost exactly as the Sino-Mongol forces made landfall, smashing the Korean-captained ships against the coastal rocks, and stranding the armies to be mopped up to a man by the Shogunates samurai legions. According to the chronicles, the Mongols did not dare storm Kyiv, impressed by its grandeur. They were expert archers using their far-shooting composite bows and extremely tough soldiers, capable of riding for days on end with minimal food and water. Because the Seljuk Sultan rebelled several times, in 1255, the Mongols swept through central and eastern Anatolia, and would . With the Mongol invasion of Europe, the world had become a lot more violent and just that bit smaller. The Mongols were not accustomed to being outnumbered. Location: Tsushima Island, Japan. Both bring a temporary prosperity; a permanent ruin. Why did the Mongols invade? Pagan's rule of central Burma came to an end ten years later in 1297 when it was toppled by Myinsaing. Books The Vietnamese knew that the Mongol morale was wavering and militarily struck back at them, forcing the mostly mounted invaders to fight on terrain that would put them at a disadvantage. [21] He then organized the Siberians into three tumens. The Mongol invasion of Japan was the last major exploit of the Mongol Empire. Hi there. In this episode, Yiming Ha will give an introduction to the forty-four year war between the Mongol-Yuan and the Southern Song. Alright, well, lets get one thing straight right off the bat the Mongols, or at least the shard of them under Khubilai Khan known as the Yuan Dynasty of China absolutely did try to conquer Southeast Asia, including all of the territories you mentioned. It was in this year that one of Mngke's generals sent an envoy to the Kingdom of Dai Viet - modern day northern Vietnam - requesting military access. This was only compounded when he made the decision to move his empires capital from its ancestral place at Kara Khorum along the Altai Mountains, to first Shangdu (aka Xanadu), and then to Dadu (aka Khanbaliq/Cambulac modern-day Beijing). The duke's army was defeated and he himself was killed at the battle of Sit river. [12], Hungary became a refuge for fleeing Cumans. The Mongols also invaded Sakhalin Island between 1264 and 1308. However, they failed to penetrate past the outskirts of Delhi and were repelled from the interior of India. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. Not only do we pay for our servers, but also for related services such as our content delivery network, Google Workspace, email, and much more. [b] Thus most Mongol conquest and plundering took place during the warmer seasons, when there was sufficient grazing for their herds. Did the Mongols invade Thailand? The Mongols occupied parts of Punjab region for decades. or 'Why were the Mongols not able to successfully subjugate the people in South East Asia?". It all began with Japan that string of islands so close to long-conquered Korea that it seemed you might be able to hit it with a thrown stone. [19], The Mongol force which invaded southern China was far greater than the force they sent to invade the Middle East in 1256.[20]. The devastating plague would come again in successive waves throughout the 14th century CE and dwarf the casualties the Mongol hordes had caused a century before. Historians regard the Mongol raids and invasions as some of the deadliest conflicts in human history. Kublai Khan's Quests for Domination in 1274 and 1281 The Mongol Invasions of Japan in 1274 and 1281 devastated Japanese resources and power in the region, nearly destroying the samurai culture and Empire of Japan entirely before a typhoon miraculously spared their last . Kallie Szczepanski. Great cities like Tbilisi, Kiev and Vladimir fell and, reaching the Danube river, they sacked the Hungarian cities of Buda, Pest, and Gran (Esztergom). He know about the Mongol fleet and already set up ambush waiting for them. With the sudden attack of the main fleet they were unable to pull off a good defense and therefore need to retreat. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. Is Khotun Khan based on Genghis Khan? The Mongols liked the hard plains and frozen rivers that the Russian winter landscape presented as it was similar to the harsh grassland steppe they and their sturdy horses were used to. Upon their arrival at the Emperor Trn Thi Tng , they were imprisoned; the next two successive envoys sent by the Mongols would also be detained. As a result of the Mongol Empire, international Mongol trade was born on a level never seen before. [In 1274, the Mongol Empire's Yuan dynasty, led by the great Kublai Khan, began its first attempted invasion of the Japanese archipelago. However, due to the terrain in parts of Southern China, especially what is now Yunnan, being incredibly mountainous, it became difficult for the large, mobile armies of the Khan to travel. Batu possession constituted the westernmost part - ulus Dzhuchi: there was a state Golden Horde. The Mongol Empire knew about the country of Japan long before the invasions took place. The invaders then followed the Danube westwards as far as Wiener Neustadt but here an army led by Duke Frederick II of Austria (r. 1230-1246 CE) caused the Mongols to at least pause for consideration. The invasion stretched over seven decades. The Mongol campaign dragged on far into the sweltering heat of Summer and their troops grew exhausted, partly from the climate and partly from the efforts of the Vietnamese to make their lives awful. 1274 Mongol invasions of Japan/Start dates. The Mongols had both light and heavy cavalry, and each rider typically had up to 16 spare horses giving them a very long range of manoeuvre. [25], The Mongols invaded and destroyed Volga Bulgaria and Kievan Rus', before invading Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, and other territories. There were also rivalries between the Mongol leaders and now that Ogedei was dead no single commander could rely on the support of his fellows in a campaign so far from home. Their quest mostly took them in a southerly direction to Indonesia, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam, where success varied. And not only once, but several times. When Genghis Kahn, lemme pull up a picture of good ol' Genghis, when Genghis was declared Emperor, or Great Khan, of the Mongols in 1206, one of the first things he did was reformat the army. 6. However, the reason said each time was often linked to a lack of supplies, which either forced the Mongols into situations that they could not win, or led them to give up and just go home (as seen in the final invasion). The Mongols Sack Suzdal. So, suffice it to say that Khubilai was a little sensitive about proving his bona-fides as a real true Mongol. And the surest way to show ones merit as a Mongol commander was in doing like Grandfather Genghis had done, and crushing your enemies, seeing them driven before you, and hearing the lamentations of their women. If only they were not ambushed by the Vietnamese fleet at Bch ng and annihilated. Ogedei realised that solving the second problem and being then able to impose taxes on conquered peoples would also solve the first problem. The armies of Genghis Khan had swept across western Asia, circled around the Caspian Sea and even defeated a Russian army at Kalka 1223 CE but, now, many of the defeated states in the region were proving less than willing to pay the khan the tribute expected of them. There may, too, have been other reasons for ending the campaign in 1242 CE, perhaps because of the now overstretched communications from the Mongol capital at Karakorum or because the grasslands of Hungary turned out to be not quite sufficient to maintain a large Mongol army indefinitely. Yet, for all that, Khubilai by the mid-1280s was both personally and in terms of his empires mojo simply running out of steam. Kublai Khan's Yuan dynasty invaded Burma between 1277 and 1287, resulting in the capitulation and disintegration of the Pagan Kingdom. The Mongols liked the hard plains & frozen rivers that the Russian winter landscape presented as it was similar to the harsh grassland steppe they were used to. In reality, the Mongols probably did not invade Germany in force because their objective was merely to punish the Hungarian king for giving protection to the Cumans. [16], The Mongol conquest of the Kipchaks led to a merged society with a Mongol ruling class over a Kipchak-speaking populace which came to be known as Tatar, and which eventually absorbed Armenians, Italians, Greeks, and Goths on the Crimean peninsula to form the modern day Crimean Tatar people. /. In the event, Bela's army was roundly defeated on 10-11 April at the Battle of Mohi (modern Muhi) on the Sajo river after the Mongol commander Subutai (c. 1175-1248 CE) had his men cross a pontoon bridge and move through a swamp area to outflank the Hungarians. The Emperor of Dai-Viet responded by sending what was nominally a tribute mission, which included golden statues of men, who were supposed to stand as substitutes for him personally coming a journey that he would, alas, be unable to undertake. [44][45], "In the Middle Ages, a famous although controversial example is offered by the, "This called for the employment of engineers to engaged in mining operations, to build siege engines and artillery, and to concoct and use incendiary and explosive devices. In addition, Mongol expeditions may have spread the bubonic plague across much of Eurasia, helping to . Mongol with Horse & CamelMetropolitan Museum of Art (Copyright). The Yuan dynasty established the top-level government agency Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs to govern Tibet, which was conquered by the Mongols and put under Yuan rule. Map of the Philippines as of 1500, long after the demise of the Mongol Empire. The Mongol invasions of Russia and Eastern Europe occurred first with a brief sortie in 1223 CE and then again in a much larger campaign between 1237 CE and 1242 CE. In 1284, the Yuan (who from now on to simplify things I'll refer to as Mongols) once again demanded military access into northern Vietnam in order to invade (ironically) southern Vietnam. 1274 CE the mongol Invasion of Japan began when Kublai Khan sent fleets of men and ships to China and Japan in hopes of conquest. The Japanese learned for the first time that tradition would not stand the test of time, a lesson that would be repeated in the Meiji Period . Victory followed victory, and the Mongol armies pushed into Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Armenia in 1238 CE, steadily wearing down the fortified towns of the region, sacking such cities as Tiflis (Tbilisi) and extracting tribute from local princes. Buda and Pest were both sacked and looted, the latter on Christmas Day of all days, but the bigger prize was Gran (Esztergom), then the largest and richest city in the region. Aha, but the Mongols were prepared for that too, and convoys stocked with provisions for the men were already on their way from China by way of the South China Sea. The warm and humid lands of south-east Asia tested Mongol armies to their limits. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. c. It harmed cities but did not damage agriculture, since Mongols appreciated the proceeds of agriculture. The Yuan dynasty army under Kublai's Kipchak general Tutugh reoccupied the Kyrgyz lands in 1293. Yet try as he may first in 1274 and again in 1281 Great Yuan, for all is terrifying might, simply could not sink the putt. Their third time was way more dangerous than the other two, because they learnt that they should have food with them to prevent the Vietnamese to do the same trick again. It was marked by several major battles, but in general the Mongols spared the civilian population. The Mongols did not advance far into the Holy Roman Empire and there was no major clash of arms on its territory. Rather, the army that had invaded Poland, after harassing eastern Germany, crossed the March of Moravia in April . The Mongol army could consequently move very fast over large areas of territory. I'll try both. In any event, the king himself, Narathihapate, escaped the battle and made good his retreat back to his own capital a fact that Khubilai did not fail to note upon the return of Nasir al-Din, and would order additional follow-up campaigns that would require another decade to complete. They had been consolidating power on the mainland and had invaded Korea a few times before they secured their subjugation in 1257 with the Goryeo dynasty (the Korea kingdom of the time) officially becoming a vassal in 1270. . Below are the most splendorous cities the Mongols sacked: 10. Centuries later, the Mughals, whose founder Babur had Mongol roots, established their own empire in India. d. It was an unparalleled human catastrophe. The Mongol Empire developed in the course of the 13th century through a series of victorious campaigns throughout Asia, reaching Eastern Europe by the 1240s. He gave himself over to intemperance food, drink, and torpor replaced what had once been a vibrant and energetic ruler, causing him to physically swell and mentally deteriorate. General Hng o levied around 15 000 to assist the southerners in repelling the invasion. Breslau (Wroclaw) was next but, there, the inhabitants so feared what was to come they themselves torched the city and took refuge in its castle citadel. Led by Genghis Khan and his sons and grandsons, the Mongols briefly ruled most of modern-day Russia, China, Korea, southeast Asia . The Burmese embassy arrived back at Hlegya in May 1287, and reported the terms to the king. Due to the lack of contemporary records, estimates of the violence associated with the Mongol conquests vary considerably. King Bela might have commanded one of the best armies in Europe but he had other problems besides the Mongols as many of his disgruntled barons had questionable loyalty to the crown. Whether Vietnam recognizes it or not . A trumpeter who had first sounded the alarm of the invaders' arrival was shot in the throat by a Mongol arrow and to this day the event is re-enacted (without the arrow) on the city's walls. His efforts once again revealed the same lack of control [ as] in his financial policies of the 1280s.. [1][2] In addition, Mongol expeditions may have spread the bubonic plague across much of Eurasia, helping to spark the Black Death of the 14th century. The Mongols & Russian Culture. The Silk Road trading routes that had existed for about 1000 years by the time the Mongols made the scene had fallen into disuse, but the Mongols valued trade because they could tax it, and they did a great job of keeping their empire safe. The population of North China did decline somewhat, though earlier estimates that there was a catastrophic decline in population have subsequently been revised. Mongol empire, empire founded by Genghis Khan in 1206. The dynasty created a "Han Army" () out of defected Jin troops and an army of defected Song troops called the "Newly Submitted Army" (). The Polish man, a third time, says "I wish for the Mongols to invade my country." Hostilities had actually first erupted more than a decade prior in the early 1270s, when the King of Pagan (modern Burma), Narathihapate, a vain despot who described himself as Supreme commander of 36 million, swallower of 300 dishes of curry daily, and sexual mate of 3,000 concubines, and ordered the execution of three Mongol ambassadors who had advised him to submit to the Great Khan (a significant no-no). New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast, Lost Mojo, & Governing Under the Influence, The King Who Ate 300 Bowls of Curry Per Day. All Russian states were forced to submit to Mongol rule and became part of the Golden Horde empire, some of which lasted until 1480. Marco Polo gives us a typically-colorful account of the battle that was to follow: You may know that so great was the number of arrows in this beginning, and all at the mark of the elephants [] that they were wounded on every side of the body. _____ Thailand . Another utterly ruthless strategy was to use prisoners as human shields when Mongol troops advanced on a fortified city unwise enough to put up resistance, even to dress up prisoners as Mongol warriors and march them in the front ranks so that defenders wasted their precious arrows on killing their own compatriots. Mark is a full-time author, researcher, historian, and editor. The Mongols did not spare Europe. Then why do the mongols facing supplies problem if not for cunning tactics and geography. The Mongols had always seen China as the richest and most prestigious territorial prize. The Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia lasted from 1219 to 1221. I wonder if Russia will extend its list of the world powerhouses it dismantled throughout history: Tatar-mongols, Polish-Lithuanian kingdom, Swidish kingdom, Ottoman empire, Napoleon's empire . Yet for all that, he nevertheless was compelled to continue on his lifes work of continual conquest and additional legitimacy for he and his successors. The Mongols Sack SuzdalUnknown Artist (Public Domain). [39][40][41] The havoc included battles, sieges,[42] early biological warfare,[43] and massacres. ", C.P.Atwood-Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, p.502, Nagendra Kr Singh, Nagendra Kumar International Encyclopaedia of Islamic Dynasties, p.271, C.P.Atwood-Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, p.503. They set up booby traps in the ghost town of Thang Long, chopped down bridges and regularly making small attacks to slow down the Mongols, which did not at all prepare for the long , exhausted fight , during a wet and hot time against thirst and hunger. Despite the battle of Kalka, the westerners still had no idea what they were dealing with, as the Novgorodian chronicler famously wrote: "They turned back from the river Dnieper, and we know not whence they came and whither they went." While various dynasties continued to compete, it was not until the successful invasion of the Mongols that most of China was again reunited--as part of the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan. Karnow, Stanley. The Invasion of Japan by the Mongols - What led to their wins and losses against Japan's armies. 1. Henry was killed and his head paraded on a spike, and the battle of Liegnitz became a highpoint in the invasion campaign; it was also the most westerly point reached. Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. They regularly used subterfuge to confuse the enemy and were quick to . The Mongols were considered one of the empires that had a long lasting impact on global history. The Mongol conquest of Anatolia (or Mongol subjugation of Turkey in some sources) was a fast process, effectively lasting from 1241 to 1243. In India, the later Mughal Empire survived into the 19th century. New York: Penguin Books, 1984. One might be led to believe that this would indeed mean that the Mongols succeeded in conquering Vietnam with its Emperor fleeing and capital vulnerable, but for a still unknown reason, Uriyankhutai and his horsemen left Vietnam only days later, having been apparently ordered to return to China for another war against the remnants of the Song dynasty. Mongols made Persian and to some extent Turkish as their language and . Mongol invasions and conquests progressed throughout the 13th century, resulting in the vast Mongol Empire, which, by 1300, covered much of Asia and Eastern Europe. This is the origin of the Japan legend of the divine winds the kamikaze that would rise up to defend Japan against any foreign invasion. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. It marked the beginning of the Mongol Conquest of the Islamic States, and it also expanded the Mongol invasions, which would ultimately culminate in conquest of virtually the entire known world save western Europe, Scandinavia, Arabia, north Africa, part of southeast Asia, and Japan. Kaifeng was the capital city of the Jurchen Jin dynasty of northern China. FYI, the 1258 invasion of Mongol was a success to Vietnamese due to the fact that most of the Vietnamese fleet didn't get damaged in the prior attack . The period of Mongol rule in Anatolia, that is, roughly the century between the battle of Kseda in 1243 and the collapse of the Ilkhanid regime in the 1340s, if mentioned at all, is generally treated only as a brief preamble to the rise of the Ottomans. One thousand northern Chinese engineer squads accompanied the Mongol Hulagu Khan during his conquest of the Middle East.[c]. [15], The decentralized, stateless Kipchaks only converted to Islam after the Mongol conquest, unlike the centralized Karakhanid entity comprising the Yaghma, Qarluqs, and Oghuz who converted earlier to world religions. Genghis Khans Great Mongol Nation had long ago fractured and even though some of the khans paid lip service to the sham-khuriltai that Khubilai held post-Toluid Civil War against his younger brother, claiming the mantle of the Great Khan it was in-name-only. The first occurred not long after Genghis Khan's death, only 31 years after in fact. [28] The violent character of the invasions acted as a catalyst for further violence between Europe's elites and sparked additional conflicts. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. We was both lucky and smart enough to find their weakness is the rations. A third invasion was planned for 1286, but due to financial constraints (and further humiliating defeats to the south that well get to in a moment) he was forced to call it off. The Mongols, who had conquered Yunnan, the former homeland of the Burmans in 1253, began their invasion of Burma in 1277, and in 1287 sacked Pagan, ending the Pagan kingdom's 250-year rule of the Irrawaddy valley and its periphery. Mongols continued to rule China into the 14th century under the Yuan dynasty, while Mongol rule in Persia persisted into the 15th century under the Timurid Empire. It is for this reason that modern campaign maps for the Mongol invasion often resemble a plate of spaghetti as multiple armies moved in all directions. In any case, the prize the Mongols desired most was still to the east not west: Song Dynasty China (960-1279 CE), which was attacked and conquered during the reign of the next great Mongol ruler, Kublai Khan (r. 1260-1294 CE). On top of that, the Mongols never turned down an opportunity to employ enemy tactics and technology themselves. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. A history of Vietnam: from Hong Bang to Tu Duc. The Mongols came up against European knights but these elite troops actually seem to have been amongst the easiest enemies the Mongols had to deal with. [3][4][5][a], The Mongol Empire developed in the course of the 13th century through a series of victorious campaigns throughout Asia, reaching Eastern Europe by the 1240s. During the reign of Genghis Khan and even after his death, the Mongolians opened up trade routes along the Silk Road that introduced gunpowder to Europe, gave women power and authority and although they did put fear and death on the lands they conquered, afterwards the territory became unified . During this time the Mongols controlled a significant portion of the trade route, enabling Chinese merchants to travel safely. Large areas of Islamic Central Asia and northeastern Persia were seriously depopulated,[10] as every city or town that resisted the Mongols was destroyed. When they had lost their rations, everything turned out to be the same as the first two times. By 1279 the Mongol leader Kublai Khan had established the Yuan dynasty in China and crushed the last Song resistance which marked the onset of all of China under the Mongol Yuan rule. The Mongols once again obliterated the opposition. At the time of the Mongol siege of Kaifeng, China was roughly divided between three empires, the Xi Xia, the Jurchen Jin, and the Song. Quotable: The 1st panacea of a mismanaged nation is inflation of the currency; the 2nd is war. The third fared no better. However, the demonisation of the Mongols by Russian chroniclers and even later historians does not necessarily match the reality of an invading force which sacked some cities but completely ignored others and which never established a new political structure of its own. Europe benefited from the spread of ideas that came with the Mongols who provided the crucial physical link between East and West. You with a better experience and therefore need to retreat Babur had Mongol,! The sudden attack of the Mongol invasion of Europe, the world History Foundation is a non-profit organization in! General the Mongols also invaded Sakhalin Island between 1264 and 1308 people in South East Asia?.. Horse & CamelMetropolitan Museum of Art ( copyright ) not long after Genghis Khan in 1206 the pales the... Against Japan & # x27 ; s armies Mongol fleet and already set up ambush for! To successfully subjugate the people in South East Asia? `` when there was sufficient grazing for their herds versus! 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